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A diacritic also diacritical mark , diacritical point , diacritical sign , or accent is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph.
The word diacritic is a noun , though it is sometimes used in an attributive sense, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Diacritics may appear above or below a letter or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritics in Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added. All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not use diacritics in common.
In Gaelic type , a dot over a consonant indicates lenition of the consonant in question. In other alphabetic systems , diacritics may perform other functions. Cantillation marks indicate prosody. In Vietnamese and the Hanyu Pinyin official romanization system for Chinese, diacritics are used to mark the tones of the syllables in which the marked vowels occur.
In orthography and collation , a letter modified by a diacritic may be treated either as a new, distinct letter or as a letter—diacritic combination. This varies from language to language and may vary from case to case within a language. In some cases, letters are used as “in-line diacritics”, with the same function as ancillary glyphs, in that they modify the sound of the letter preceding them, as in the case of the “h” in the English pronunciation of “sh” and “th”.
For example, the spelling sch was traditionally often treated as a separate letter in German. Words with that spelling were listed after all other words spelled with s in card catalogs in the Vienna public libraries, for example before digitization.
Among the types of diacritic used in alphabets based on the Latin script are:. The tilde, dot, comma, titlo , apostrophe, bar, and colon are sometimes diacritical marks, but also have other uses. Not all diacritics occur adjacent to the letter they modify. Because of vowel harmony , all vowels in a word are affected, so the scope of the diacritic is the entire word.
In abugida scripts, like those used to write Hindi and Thai , diacritics indicate vowels, and may occur above, below, before, after, or around the consonant letter they modify. The tittle dot on the letter i or the letter j , of the Latin alphabet originated as a diacritic to clearly distinguish i from the minims downstrokes of adjacent letters.
The j , originally a variant of i , inherited the tittle. The shape of the diacritic developed from initially resembling today’s acute accent to a long flourish by the 15th century. With the advent of Roman type it was reduced to the round dot we have today. Several languages of eastern Europe use diacritics on both consonants and vowels, whereas in western Europe digraphs are more often used to change consonant sounds.
Most languages in Europe use diacritics on vowels, aside from English where there are typically none with some exceptions. These diacritics are used in addition to the acute, grave, and circumflex accents and the diaeresis:. They were written to the left of a syllable in vertical writing and above a syllable in horizontal writing. Different languages use different rules to put diacritic characters in alphabetical order.
French and Portuguese treat letters with diacritical marks the same as the underlying letter for purposes of ordering and dictionaries. Languages that treat accented letters as variants of the underlying letter usually alphabetize words with such symbols immediately after similar unmarked words.
For instance, in German where two words differ only by an umlaut, the word without it is sorted first in German dictionaries e. However, when names are concerned e. For a comprehensive list of the collating orders in various languages, see Collating sequence.
Modern computer technology was developed mostly in English-speaking countries, so data formats, keyboard layouts, etc. Efforts have been made to create internationalized domain names that further extend the English alphabet e. Depending on the keyboard layout , which differs amongst countries, it is more or less easy to enter letters with diacritics on computers and typewriters.
Some have their own keys; some are created by first pressing the key with the diacritic mark followed by the letter to place it on. Such a key is sometimes referred to as a dead key , as it produces no output of its own but modifies the output of the key pressed after it.
Diacritics can be composed in most X Window System keyboard layouts, as well as other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, using additional software. On computers, the availability of code pages determines whether one can use certain diacritics.
Unicode solves this problem by assigning every known character its own code; if this code is known, most modern computer systems provide a method to input it. With Unicode, it is also possible to combine diacritical marks with most characters. However, as of , very few fonts include the necessary support to correctly render character-plus-diacritic s for the Latin, Cyrillic and some other alphabets exceptions include Andika.
The following languages have letters that contain diacritics that are considered independent letters distinct from those without diacritics. English is one of the few European languages that does not have many words that contain diacritical marks.
Instead, digraphs are the main way the Modern English alphabet adapts the Latin to its phonemes. The New Yorker magazine is a major publication that continues to use the diaeresis in place of a hyphen for clarity and economy of space.
The following languages have letter-diacritic combinations that are not considered independent letters. Several languages that are not written with the Roman alphabet are transliterated , or romanized, using diacritics. Some users have explored the limits of rendering in web browsers and other software by “decorating” words with multiple nonsensical diacritics per character.
The result is called ” Zalgo text “. The composed bogus characters and words can be copied and pasted normally via the system clipboard. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mark added to a letter. For the academic journal, see Diacritics journal. This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Further information: Arabic diacritics. Further information: Greek diacritics. Further information: Hebrew diacritics. Further information: Brahmic scripts.
Further information: Syriac alphabet. Main article: Collation. Main article: English terms with diacritical marks. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 16 December Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Berlin: H. Reuther’s Verlagsbuchhandlung. Robinson’s Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar 5th ed. Oxford University Press. ISBN Grammatica Syriaca. Academia de la Llingua Asturiana. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved Eaton Ed.
Retrieved 18 April Diakritische tekens in het Nederlands in Dutch. Utrecht: Hellebaard. Archived from the original on Alignment Leading River Runaround Widows and orphans. All caps Camel case Initial Letter case Small caps.
Serif Antiqua , Didone , slab serif Sans-serif. Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher. Insular Uncial. Record type Display typeface script , fat face , reverse-contrast. Calligraphy Type design Style guide Type foundry History of Western typography Intellectual property protection of typefaces Technical lettering.
Punctuation and other typographic symbols. Latin script. History Spread Romanization Roman numerals. Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks. Diacritics Palaeography. Categories : Diacritics Punctuation Typography. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file.
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A bartender also known as a barkeep , barman , barmaid , or a mixologist is a person who formulates and serves alcoholic or soft drink beverages behind the bar , usually in a licensed establishment. Bartenders also usually maintain the supplies and inventory for the bar. A bartender can generally mix classic cocktails such as a Cosmopolitan , Manhattan , Old Fashioned , and Mojito.
Bartenders are also responsible for confirming that customers meet the legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages.
In certain countries, such as the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Sweden , bartenders are legally required to refuse more alcohol to drunk customers. Historically, bartending was a profession with a low reputation. It was perceived through the lens of ethical issues and various legal constraints related to the serving of alcohol.
The pioneers of bartending as a serious profession appeared in the 19th century. Harry Johnson wrote a bartending manual and established the first bar management consulting agency. At the turn of the 20th century, slightly less than half the bartenders in London were women, such as Ada Coleman. The bartending profession was generally a second occupation, used as transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees.
It includes specialized education — European Bartender School operates in 25 countries. Cocktail competitions such as World Class and Bacardi Legacy have recognized talented bartenders in the past decade and these bartenders, and others, spread the love of cocktails and hospitality throughout the world. And you have to be balanced physically, emotionally and mentally. In the United Kingdom, bar work is often not regarded as a long-term profession unless the bartender is also the landlord , but more often as a second occupation, or transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees.
It therefore lacks traditional employment protections, so there is often a high turnover. The high turnover of staff due to low wages and poor employee benefits results in a shortage of skilled bartenders. Whereas a career bartender would know drink recipes, serving techniques, alcohol contents, correct gas mixes and licensing law and would often have cordial relations with regular customers, short-term staff may lack these skills. Some pubs prefer experienced staff, although pub chains tend to accept inexperienced staff and provide training.
Tipping bartenders in the United Kingdom is uncommon, not considered mandatory but is greatly appreciated by the bartender. The appropriate way to tip a bartender in the UK is to say ‘have one for yourself’, encouraging the bartender to buy themselves a drink with one’s money, where a bartender may instead opt to add a modest amount to a bill to take in cash at the end of their shift.
The federal Fair Labor Standards Act FLSA , and the laws of most states, allow employers a tip credit, which counts employees tips toward minimum wage. As a result of the professionalization of the trade, craft bartenders have begun to establish themselves as the elite class of the bartending profession. They make the majority of their income in tips from higher-class customers. Bartenders in the United States may work in a large variety of bars.
These include hotel bars, restaurant bars, sports bars, gay bars , piano bars , and dive bars. Lower-class bartenders generally do not participate in the union, since their customers may not tip or may not be able to afford to. The bartender culture in the United States encourages bartenders to be inviting and friendly to their patrons. Their customers’ needs and wants become their priority, as well as their safety and enjoyment of their time at the bar.
Bartenders are urged to take care of their patrons however they can. Bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the job. Prospective bartenders may gain experience by working as wait staff in a restaurant with a bar. Some vocational schools offer bartenders licenses. Some US states require a bartenders license or a health certificate issued from the state.
Most pubs and bars seek to recruit outgoing, personable individuals as bartenders. All bartenders must comply with all food and beverage regulations, in the United States.
All bartenders in the United States should be knowledgeable in mixing, garnishing, and serving drinks with a positive attitude and excellent communication skills. The competition for jobs is high in this field of work. The Japanese cut-glass mixing beaker is in almost universal use nowadays. Japanese bar-tools are also all widely used. The world has been mesmerised by the art and style of Japanese bartending.
Hotel bartenders in Toronto , Ontario , Coffeebar tender, Sangha , Mali , A bartender pouring some vodka into the metal cup of a cocktail shaker , s. A Japanese bartender making a cocktail in Sakurai, Nara , Japan , From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Person behind the bar who serves usually alcoholic beverages. For other uses, see Bartender disambiguation. For other uses, see Barman disambiguation.
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Drink portal Liquor portal Society portal. Archived from the original on October 22, Retrieved December 12, Le Figaro. Retrieved July 12, Retrieved September 1, Labor History. Employment relations in the hospitality and tourism industries. ISBN Retrieved April 26, Bars and Bartending. June 2, Retrieved July 11, October 16, November 17, Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bulletin —11 Library ed. Washington, DC: U. Government Printing Office.
Archived from the original on April 16, Retrieved April 25, Occupational Employment and Wages, May Archived from the original on May 28, Break Into Bartending.
Department of Labor. January 1, Retrieved November 3, West Virginia University, PhD dissertation. June 12, Retrieved July 1, Retrieved February 9, Retrieved February 10, Look up bartender , barkeep , barmaid , or mixologist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Wikibook Bartending has a page on the topic of: Cocktails. Beer Cider Liquor Wine.
Cocktail stick Cocktail umbrella Drinking straw Swizzle stick. List of bartenders. Bartending school Cocktail Drinking establishment index bar pub tavern International Bartenders Association official cocktails.
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