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Microsoft Windows was announced by Bill Gates on November 10, The first versions of Windows 1. Windows 95though still being based on MS-DOS, was its own operating system, using a bit DOS-based kernel [ citation needed ] and a bit user space. Windows 95 introduced many features that have been part of the product ever since, including the Start menuthe taskbarand Windows Explorer renamed File Explorer in Windows 8.

It aimed to integrate Internet Explorer microsoft office word your confirmation code here free download microsoft word 2019 windows free web into the user interface and also brought many new features into Windows, such as the ability to display JPEG images as the desktop wallpaper and single window navigation in Windows Explorer. Windows 98 included USB support out of the box, and also plug and play microsoft word 2019 windows free, which allows devices to work when plugged in without requiring a system reboot or manual configuration.

InMicrosoft released Windows NT 3. Unlike the Windows 9x series of operating systems, it is a fully bit operating system.

InWindows NT 4. Windows NT was originally designed to be used on high-end systems and servers, but with the release of Windowsmany consumer-oriented features from Windows 95 and Windows 98 were included, such as the Windows Desktop UpdateInternet Explorer 5USB support and Windows Media Player.

These consumer-oriented features were further extended in Windows XP inwhich included a new visual style called Lunaa more user-friendly interface, updated versions of Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer 6 by default, and extended features from Windows Me, such as the Help and Support Center and System Restore.

Windows Vistawhich was released infocused on securing the Windows operating system against computer viruses and other malicious software by introducing features such as User Account Control.

New features include Windows Aeroupdated versions of the standard games e. Despite this, Windows Vista was critically panned for its poor performance on older hardware and microsoft word 2019 windows free at-the-time high system requirements.

Windows 7 followed in nearly three years after по этому сообщению launch, and despite it technically having higher system requirements, [3] [4] reviewers noted that it ran better than Windows Vista. Windows 8which was released inintroduced many controversial changes, such as the replacement of the Start menu with the Start Screen, the removal of нажмите чтобы узнать больше Aero interface in favor of a flat, colored interface as well as the introduction of “Metro” apps later renamed to Universal Windows Platform appsand the Charms Bar user interface element, all of which microsoft word 2019 windows free considerable criticism from reviewers.

The following version of Windows, Windows 10which was released inreintroduced the Start menu and added the ability to run Universal Windows Platform apps in a window instead of always in full screen. Windows 10 was generally well-received, with many reviewers stating that Windows 10 is what Windows 8 should have been. The latest version of Windows, Windows 11was released on October 5, Windows 11 incorporates a redesigned user по этой ссылке, including a new Start menu, a visual style featuring rounded corners, and a new layout for the Microsoft Store, [13] and also included Microsoft Edge by default.

Посмотреть еще first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1. The project was briefly codenamed “Interface Manager” before the windowing system was implemented—contrary to popular belief that it was the original name for Windows and Rowland Hansonthe head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing to customers.

Windows 1. The first version of Microsoft Windows included a simple graphics painting program called Windows Paint ; Windows Writea simple word processor ; an appointment calendar; a card-filer; a notepad ; a clock; a control panel ; a computer terminal ; Clipboard ; and RAM driver. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple’s new Macintosh computer, which featured a graphical user interface.

As part of the related business negotiations, Microsoft had licensed certain aspects of the Macintosh user interface from Apple; in later litigation, a district court summarized these aspects as “screen displays”.

In the development of Windows 1. For example, windows were only displayed “tiled” on the screen; that is, they could not overlap or overlie one another. On December 31,Microsoft declared Windows 1. Microsoft Windows version 2.

Much of the popularity for Windows 2. Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Aldus PageMaker appeared in a Windows version, having previously run only on Macintosh. Some computer historians [ who? Like prior versions of Windows, version 2. In such a configuration, microsoft word 2019 windows free could run under another multitasker like DESQviewwhich used the protected mode.

It was also the first version продолжить чтение support the High Memory Area when running on an Intel compatible processor. Version 2. In Apple Computer, Inc.

Microsoft Corp. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple’s claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas. On December 31,Microsoft declared Windows 2.

Windows 3. A few months after introduction, Windows 3. A “multimedia” version, Windows 3. This version was the precursor to the multimedia features available in Windows 3. The features listed above and growing market support from application software developers made Windows 3. Support was discontinued on December 31, Its Microsoft word 2019 windows free /27697.txt incompatible with Windows.

Version 1. They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating systems, and had access to нажмите для деталей other’s code. After an interim 1.

Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well. It also removed Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor. Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In andMicrosoft released Windows for Workgroups WfWwhich was available both microsoft word 2019 windows free an add-on for existing Windows 3.

Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and support for peer-to-peer networking. Microsoft word 2019 windows free were two versions microsoft word 2019 windows free Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3. Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software. On Посетить страницу 31,Microsoft declared Windows 3.

Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT. This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT microsoft word 2019 windows free Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windowsoriented to business, had already unified most of the system’s bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.

Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT’s superior hardware abstraction model. This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market.

Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, microsoft word 2019 windows free thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines.

However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common. Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.

Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows Узнать больше was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel.

The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernelinfluenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel. As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3.

After Windows 3. The Win32 API microsoft word 2019 windows free introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as ” thunking “. A new object-oriented Обожаю microsoft office setup 2016 download free download считаю was not originally planned microsoft word 2019 windows free part of the продолжить чтение, although elements of увидеть больше Cairo user interface were borrowed and added microsoft word 2019 windows free other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped.

Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time. Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment.

These factors eventually began to impact the operating system’s efficiency and stability. Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.

These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating systemand in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications.

Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft’s part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive’s capacity.

The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3. It was Microsoft’s primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Microsoft word 2019 windows free NT 4. Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, приведу ссылку. This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded.

 
 

 

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Microsoft Word or MS Word often called Word is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its /33218.txt is to allow users to type and продолжить documents. Microsoft Microsoft word 2019 windows free is a part of Microsoft Officebut can also be bought separately.

The program was first released in Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravothe first graphical writing program. Microsoft bought the Bravo program, winodws changed its name to Microsoft Word. When it first fere out, it was not very popular, /15883.txt did not приведенная ссылка as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.

There are microsoft word 2019 windows free for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Mictosoft. New microsofy support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.

Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file formatso other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Sord to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word.

This gave Autodesk revit 2017 offline help free Word a dominant position. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Microsoft Office. Categories : Microsoft Office Word processors. Hidden category: Microsoft word 2019 windows free template wayback links. Namespaces /49720.txt Talk. Views Read Change Change source View history. /39300.txt Commons. Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Officeor as part of Microsoft Microsoft Windows.

 
 

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Criticism of Microsoft has followed various aspects of its products and business practices. Issues with ease of use , robustness , and security of the company’s software are common targets for critics. In the s, a number of malware mishaps targeted security flaws in Windows and other products.

Microsoft was also accused of locking vendors and consumers in to their products, and of not following or complying with existing standards in its software. The company has been the subject of numerous lawsuits , brought by several governments and by other companies, for unlawful monopolistic practices.

Commission case, and it received an million euro fine. On September 14, , Microsoft’s flagship store was shut down by protestors as part of a direct action organized by Close the Camps NYC. From its inception, Microsoft defined itself as a platform company and understood the importance of attracting third-party programmers. It did so by providing development tools, training, access to proprietary APIs in early versions, and partner programs.

Although the resulting ubiquity of Microsoft software allows a user to benefit from network effects , critics and even Microsoft itself decry what they consider to be an ” embrace, extend and extinguish ” strategy of adding proprietary features to open standards or their software implementations, thereby using its market dominance to gain unofficial ownership of standards “extended” in this way.

Microsoft software is also presented as a “safe” choice for IT managers purchasing software systems. The Windows API is so broad, so deep, and so functional that most independent software vendors would be crazy not to use it. And it is so deeply embedded in the source code of many Windows apps that there is a huge switching cost to using a different operating system instead It is this switching cost that has given the customers the patience to stick with Windows through all our mistakes, our buggy drivers, our high TCO total cost of ownership , our lack of a sexy vision at times, and many other difficulties [ In short, without this exclusive franchise called the Windows API, we would have been dead a long time ago.

Concerns were raised that this requirement would hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that “At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC.

Microsoft’s philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves. Gates’ letter provoked many responses, with some hobbyists objecting to the broad accusation, and others supporting the principle of compensation.

The Halloween documents , internal Microsoft memos which were leaked to the open source community beginning in , indicate that some Microsoft employees perceive “open source” software — in particular, Linux — as a growing long-term threat to Microsoft’s position in the software industry. Another concern of critics is that Microsoft may be using the distribution of shared source software to harvest names of developers who have been exposed to Microsoft code, as some believe that these developers could someday be the target of lawsuits if they were ever to participate in the development of competing products.

This issue is addressed in published papers from several organizations including the American Bar Association and the Open Source Initiative. Starting in the s, Microsoft was accused of maintaining “hidden” or “secret” APIs: interfaces to its operating system software that it deliberately keeps undocumented to gain a competitive advantage in its application software products. On October 10, , Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network community despite holding more than 60, patents.

On July 6, , Microsoft announced that it was placing their ECMA and ECMA specifications under their Community Promise pledging that they would not assert their patents against anyone implementing, distributing, or using alternative implementations of.

NET stack not submitted to the ECMA for standardization has been the source of patent violation concerns for much of the life of the project. The concerns primarily relate to technologies developed by Microsoft on top of the. NET and Windows Forms see non-standardized namespaces , i.

These technologies are today [ when? In June the Ubuntu Technical Board stated that it saw “no reason to exclude Mono or applications based upon it from the archive, or from the default installation set. Fedora Project Leader Paul Frields has stated, “We do have some serious concerns about Mono and we’ll continue to look at it with our legal counsel to see what if any steps are needed on our part”, yet “We haven’t come to a legal conclusion that is pat enough for us to make the decision to take mono out”.

In November at an Ubuntu Developer Summit , developers voted to have the Mono-based Banshee media player removed from Ubuntu’s default installation beginning on Ubuntu Mono developer Joseph Michael Shields defended the performance of Banshee on ARM, and also the claims that Banshee was not well-maintained as being a “directed personal insult” to one of its major contributors.

Microsoft ignored unauthorized copying of its own software for their benefit on the long term. While talking about users in China who don’t pay for the software they use in , to an audience at the University of Washington, Bill Gates said “And as long as they’re going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They’ll get sort of addicted, and then we’ll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade. The practice allowed Microsoft to gain some dominance over the Chinese market and only then taking measures against unauthorized copies.

In , by means of the Windows update mechanism, a verification program called ” Windows Genuine Advantage ” WGA was downloaded and installed. This behavior angered users and generated complaints in China with a lawyer stating that “Microsoft uses its monopoly to bundle its updates with the validation programs and forces its users to verify the genuineness of their software”.

A common complaint [50] comes from those who want to purchase a computer that usually comes preinstalled with Windows without a copy of Windows pre-installed and without paying extra for the license either so that another operating system can be used or because a license was already acquired elsewhere, such as through the MSDN Academic Alliance program. While it is possible to obtain a computer with no or free operating systems, [56] virtually all large computer vendors continue to bundle Microsoft Windows with the majority of the personal computers in their ranges.

The claimed increase in the price of a computer resulting from the inclusion of a Windows license has been called the “Windows tax” or “Microsoft tax” by opposing computer users. In , all major OEMs agreed to this restriction.

Microsoft does not provide refunds for Windows licenses sold through an OEM, including licenses that come with the purchase of a computer or are pre-installed on a computer.

According to Microsoft’s End User License Agreement for Windows 7 the ability to receive a refund for the operating system is determined by the hardware manufacturer: [61]. By using the software, you accept these terms. If you do not accept them, do not use the software. Instead, contact the manufacturer or installer to determine its return policy. You must comply with that policy, which might limit your rights or require you to return the entire system on which the software is installed.

Acer Inc. Instead, contact the manufacturer or installer to determine their return policy for a refund or credit. Based on the updated language, vendors refused to issue partial refunds for Windows licenses, requiring that the computer be returned altogether. In some countries, this practice has been ruled a violation of consumer protection law.

Microsoft’s market dominance and business practices have attracted widespread resentment, which is not necessarily restricted to the company’s competitors. In a publication, Dan Geer argued the prevalence of Microsoft products has resulted in a monoculture which is dangerously easy for viruses to exploit. Microsoft has been criticized for the use of permatemp employees employees employed for years as “temporary,” and therefore without medical benefits , use of forced retention tactics, where departing employees would be sued to prevent departure, as well as more traditional cost-saving measures, ranging from cutting medical benefits to not providing towels in company locker rooms.

Historically, Microsoft has also been accused of overworking employees, in many cases, leading to burnout within just a few years of joining the company. The company is often referred to as a “Velvet Sweatshop”, a term which originated in a Seattle Times article, [71] and later became used to describe the company by some of Microsoft’s own employees. For example, the kitchenettes have free beverages and many buildings include exercise rooms and showers.

However, the company has been accused of attempting to keep employees at the company for unreasonably long hours and working them too much.

A US state lawsuit was brought against Microsoft in representing 8, current and former employees that had been classified as “temporary” and “freelance”, and became known as Vizcaino v. The Final Settlement [73] came in The case was decided on the IRS-defined basis that such “permatemps” had their jobs defined by Microsoft, worked alongside regular employees doing the same work, and worked for long terms.

A side effect of the “permatemp” lawsuit is that now contract employees are prevented from participating in team morale events and other activities that could be construed as making them “employees”. They are also limited to month contracts and must leave after that time for 6 months before returning under contract. Microsoft is the largest American corporate user of H-1B guest worker visas and has joined other large technology companies like Google in recently lobbying for looser H-1B visa restrictions.

Jesse Jackson believes Microsoft should hire more minorities and women. Jackson has urged other companies to diversify their workforce. He believes that Microsoft made some progress when it appointed two women to its board of directors in During the antitrust case United States v. Microsoft , ATL sent a poll to 19 state attorneys general purporting to show that “the public believes state AGs should devote their energy to causes other than Microsoft”.

In June , the AdTI published a report, quickly pulled under the argument that it was a draft version, which contained criticism of the copyleft model and the GNU General Public License. A May press release for the report stated that it would contain arguments suggesting that governments could be threatened by hackers and terrorists who could study potential vulnerabilities due to source availability if it used open source software.

However, the draft contained no references to these topics. The advert featured a newborn baby being launched out of its mother—aging as it flies through the air, and crashing into a gravestone. It contained the tagline “Life is short, play more.

The comparison included the cost of hardware, and put Linux at a disadvantage by installing it on more expensive but poorer-performing hardware compared to that used for Windows. Microsoft spokesperson Catherine Brooker expressed the belief that the article had been “heavily written” by IBM employees who supported the rival OpenDocument format, though she provided no specific evidence. Internet entrepreneur and Wikimedia Foundation founder Jimmy Wales described Microsoft’s offer as unethical.

In , it was found that a photo on the Polish version of Microsoft’s business productivity website—which depicted three people of various races during an office meeting—had been edited to replace the head of an African-American man with that of a Caucasian , whilst also failing to edit the person’s hand to match the different skin color. Microsoft apologized and quickly removed the image. In , Moneylife. Sapkale was accused of breaking his own site’s privacy policy by posting the IP and email addresses of the commenters, while the commenting duo’s failure to declare any interest looked, at best, like astroturfing.

In details on a partnership between Machinima. This is due to the company being tax resident in Bermuda as mentioned in the accounts for ‘Microsoft Round Island One’, a subsidiary that collects licence fees from the use of Microsoft software worldwide. Dame Margaret Hodge , a Labour MP in the UK said, “It is unsurprising — yet still shocking — that massively wealthy global corporations openly, unashamedly and blatantly refuse to pay tax on the profits they make in the countries where they undertake business”.

John C. Dvorak said that in the s, Microsoft classified journalists as “Okay”, “Sketchy”, or “Needs work” and targeted “Needs work” journalists in an attempt to have them terminated. Dvorak said that he was denied information about Windows because he was on a blacklist.

Microsoft along with Google, Yahoo , Cisco , AOL , Skype , and other companies has cooperated with the Chinese government in implementing a system of Internet censorship. On June 4, , the 32nd anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre , searches for the Tank Man image and videos were censored by Microsoft Bing search engine worldwide. Hours after Microsoft acknowledged the issue, the search returned only pictures of tanks elsewhere in the world.

Search engines that license results from Microsoft such as DuckDuckGo and Yahoo faced similar issues. Microsoft said the issue was “due to an accidental human error. The director of Human Rights Watch , Kenneth Roth , said he found the idea it was an inadvertent error “hard to believe”.

David Greene, Civil Liberties Director at Electronic Frontier Foundation , said that content moderation was impossible to do perfectly and “egregious mistakes are made all the time”, but he further elaborated that “At worst, this was purposeful suppression at the request of a powerful state.

Microsoft was the first company to participate in the PRISM surveillance program , according to leaked NSA documents obtained by The Guardian [] and The Washington Post [] in June , and acknowledged by government officials following the leak. Microsoft has denied [] participation in such a program. In a statement, Microsoft said that they “provide customer data only in response to legal processes.